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Fortún Ochoiz or Fortún Ochoa (''floruit'' 1013–1050) was a Navarrese nobleman, diplomat, and statesman. Throughout his known career he held the ''tenencia'' of La Rioja, an important marcher lordship, the rump of the Kingdom of Viguera, and the foundation for the Lordship of Los Cameros.〔The fullest study of Fortún's career is found in David Peterson, ("''De divisione regno'': poder magnaticio en la Sierra de la Demanda en el siglo XI" ), ''Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica'', 29 (2005), 7–26, esp. 17–25.〕 Fortún helped fix the border between southwestern Navarre and the Kingdom of Castile, and he married into the royal family and fought alongside his father-in-law, García Sánchez III in the ''Reconquista''. His ancestors may have belonged to the Banu Qasi, themselves descended from Visigothic nobility, and his descendants continued to rule their patrimony until the twelfth century. "Ochoiz" is a patronymic derived from the Basque name Ochoa or Oggoa, which meant "wolf" (modern Basque ''otso'') and was probably used interchangeably with the Castilian name Lope (also "wolf", modern Spanish ''lobo''), the patronymic of which is López.〔In the eleventh century, when spellings of proper names and vernacular (non-Latin) words, were unstandardised, the number of variants of Ochoiz is still extraordinary. Julio Caro Baroja, "Algunas notas sobre onomástica antigua y medieval", ''Hispania'', 3:13 (1943), 529–30, suspects that there may be geographical or sociological criteria of distinction between such diverse spellings as Ochoiz, Ochoco, and Ochoteco from Ochoa and Ochandariz, Osanariz, and Ochandar, from Ochanda (Castilian: Loba or Lopa), the female equivalent of Ochoa. Ochoa was the most common "animal name" among the medieval Basques, who had many, e.g. Bela (crow, raven), Artza (bear), Usoa (dove), Ollanda (hen). Caro Baroja suggests that Fortún Ochoiz may have been a brother of Ximeno Ogoaiz, lord of Estella in 1024, and also of Lope Ossanariz, who was probably named after their father (Lope = Ochoa). In other documents he is referred to as Loppe Oggandariz and Don (''dominus'') Oggandar, a stark example of the variety of spellings which could exist within a single family. Other forms of the patronymic include Ogoiz and simply Ochoa, without a suffix.〕 ==Early career on the frontier== The earliest reference to Fortún is from a list of witnesses to a document of 1013, at which time he was already ruling Viguera.〔"Lord (''señor'') Fortún Ochoiz, ruling Viguera" (''sennor Furtun Ozoiz dominans Vicarie''), cf. Antonio Ubieto Arteta, "Monarcas navarros olvidados: los reyes de Viguera", ''Hispania'', 10:38 (1950), 23 n61.〕 From at least 1015 to around 1024 Fortún was the ruler (''dominator'') of Meltria (a region today known as Valdemetria).〔Peterson, 19 and n27.〕〔Gonzalo Martínez Díez, ''Sancho III el Mayor: rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus'' (Marcial Pons Historia, 2007), 245.〕 His lordship extended on both sides of the Ebro. The territory comprising Fortún's march was described in the ''carta de arras'' of king García (1040) as "(fortress of ) Viguera, both Cameros, Valle de Arnedo and all the villages of Cantabria."〔Cf. Peterson, 20: ''senior Fortuni Oxoiz cum ipsa terra que tenet, id est Bechera, ambabus Cambaribus, Ualdearneto cum omnibus villis Cantabriensis''.〕 "Cantabria" probably refers more specifically to the ''Cerro de Cantabria'', a region north of the Ebro by the mouth of the Iregua, where the city of Logroño is today. Fortún held this region at least from 1032 until 1044. The two Cameros were Viejo Camero and Nuevo Camero and included the valleys of the Iregua and the Leza. The "Valle de Arnedo" was the valley of the Cidacos.〔Peterson, 20.〕 In 1016 Sancho III of Navarre and Sancho García of Castile established by agreement the border between their respective realms. Sometime later, probably between 1028 and 1054,〔The final five years of Sancho's reign (1030–35) seem likely, considering his extensive involvement in Castile at that moment, cf. Peterson, 25.〕 Fortún Ochoiz and his neighbour across the border in Castile, Nuño Álvarez de Carazo, re-confirmed the division and the frontier. This act, confirming only the border as it passed through the Sierra de la Demanda, is preserved in a short notice in a document from the ''Becerro Galicano'' cartulary of the Riojan monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla.〔According to Gonzalo Martínez Díez, ("El monasterio de San Millán y sus monasterios filiales: documentación Emilianense y diplomas apócrifos" ), ''Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica'', 21 (1998), 42, the document is authentic.〕 It is the only record of the division of 1016, only the surveying for which was perhaps undertaken, the hypothetical treaty never being drawn up or confirmed; otherwise, it is lost. It is also possible that Fortún and Nuño confirmed the old frontier in an act of rebellion, without authority from their respective lords.〔Possibility raised by Peterson, 25. In this case, the lords would have been García Sánchez III and his brother, Ferdinand I of Castile, who were often at odds.〕 :Notice and confirmation of the territorial division and boundary-setting between Castile and Navarre, 1016: : ''De divisione regno inter Pampilona et Castella, sicut ordinaverunt Sancio comite et Sancio regis Pampilonensem, sicut illis visum fuit una concordia et convenientia.'' : ''Id est de summa cuculla ad rivo Valle Venarie, ad Gramneto, ibi est molione sito et acollato Monnio, et a Biciercas et a Penna Nigra; deinde ad flumen Razon ubi nascit; deinde per medium monte de Calcanio, per summo lumbo et media Galaza, et ibi molione est sito, et usque ad flumen Tera, ibi est Garrahe antiqua civitate deserta, et ad flumen Duero.'' : ''Duenno Nunno Alvaro de Castella et sennor Furtun Oggoiz de Pampilona teste et confirmantes. Era Ma. La. IIIIa.''〔Quoted in Peterson, 7, citing ''Cartulario de San Millán de la Cogolla'', ed. Antonio Ubieto Arteta (Valencia: 1975), 161, doc. no. 166.〕 : On the division of the realm between Pamplona and Castile, as ordered by Count Sancho and King Sancho of the Pamplonese, in accordance with which idea there was an accord and covenant. : It is this: from the summit of the Cogolla to the river of Valvanera, to Gramedo, where is found the boundary stone, through Viciercas and through Peña Negra as far as the birthplace of the river Razón; there by means of mount Carcaño, through the line of peaks and by way of Gazala, where is found the other boundary stone, as far as the river Tera; there is found Garray, the ancient deserted city, and from there to the river Duero. : Lord Nuño Álvarez of Castile and lord Fortún Ochoiz of Pamplona attest and confirm. Era 1054.〔Translated partly from the Spanish translation in Gonzalo Martínez Díez, ''El condado de Castilla, 711–1038: La historia frente a la leyenda'' (Marcial Pons Historia, 2005), 634, citing Clemente Sáenz García, "Las fronteras de Castilla y Navarra en los comienzos del siglo XI", ''Celtiberia'', 3 (1952), 129–34: "Esto es: desde lo más alto de la Cogolla al río de Valvanera, al () Gramedo, donde se encuentra el mojón, por Viciercas y por Peña Negra hasta el nacimiento del río Razón; luego por medio del monte Carcaño, por la línea de las cumbres y por medio de Gazala, donde se encuentra otro mojón, hasta el río Tera; allí se halla Garray, la ciudad antigua desierta, y desde allí al río Duero."〕 The first paragraph of the treaty is in the preterite, indicating that the fixing of the border occurred in the past (1016), while the confirmation in the document is in the present tense, indicating it took place at a later date (after 1016). The title ''duenno'' (later ''don'') was the prevalent form in Castile of the same title for which the Navarrese preferred ''sennor'' (later ''señor''), both meant "lord" (from Latin ''dominus'' and ''senior'', respectively). The "summit of the Cogolla" is today the Pico de San Lorenzo. The identification of the rivers Razón, Tera, and Duero is facile. ''Valle Venarie'' is Valvanera, while Garray is the ancient Numantia.〔Peterson, 9–10.〕〔Martínez Díez (2005), 634–35.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fortún Ochoiz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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